The influence of parent materials upon the formation and morphology of some soils of the Highland Rim and Brotherton Bench in Putnam County, Tennessee

On the Highland Rim and at a higher elevation on the Brotherton Bench in Putnam County, Tennessee are certain soils which have sola that. are very similar, even though their substrata are variable. Each has a discontinuity in its profile at a depth of about 24 to 30 inches. The mantle thickness is greatest on smooth topography and diminishes rapidly with increased steepness. These observations make the soils appear to have formed, at least in part, from a deposit of transported parent material. The relationship of mantle thickness to topography at site 2 is shown in Figure 1. All of the sites have topography similar to this. The physiography of the Highland Rim and Brotherton Bench along with the rest of the County is shown in Figure 2. The soils investigated in this study have tentatively been correlated Holston silt loam on the Brotherton Bench and Mountview silt loam on the Highland Rim. The remarkable similarity and uncertain genesis of the upper parts of the profiles need explanation before the soils can be thoroughly understood and accurately classified. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the nature and origin of the parent material from which the upper horizons of these soils were formed and to compare properties of Mountview silt loam and Holston silt loam

The Impact of Community Based Adventure Therapy on Stress and Coping Skills in Adults.

Stress and coping skills are among the most essential components of the mental health counseling field. The use of coping skills (e.g., meditation, physical activities, appropriate uses of leisure) has been identified as an effective strategy for stress management. Adventure therapy has emerged as a modality that can positively augment other therapeutic approaches by improving coping skills and assisting clients in managing stress. As with all therapies, a positive working alliance has been found to be important toward achieving clinical outcomes. This study explored how adventure therapy enhanced learned coping strategies for stress and improved therapeutic alliance. Outcomes from this exploratory research highlighted the potential of adventure therapy to decrease stress, increase coping skills, and build therapeutic rapport with the therapist

Who Pays for Open Access?

In the wake of declarations supporting open access to research literature from international bodies including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations' World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), advocates and critics of the movement appear to have agreed that the issue warrants a robust, ongoing dialogue—a development undoubtedly in the interest of the scientific community, regardless of its ultimate outcome. To the extent that listserv messages, editorials, and conference presentations are representative of more widespread reactions to the debate, there appear to be a number of common misconceptions about what open access is and what problems it can or cannot solve. Over the next few months in PLoS Biology, we plan to explore the more pervasive of these misunderstandings, in an effort to expose the real challenges that need to be overcome and to identify some possible solutions. Here we address the first of these—the perception that the publication-charge model puts an unfair burden on authors. Subsequently, we will address concerns about the long-term economic viability of the open-access model, the integrity and quality of work published in open-access journals, and the effect that open access will have on scholarly societies

A Maximum Entropy Method of Obtaining Thermodynamic Properties from Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations

We describe a novel method to obtain thermodynamic properties of quantum systems using Baysian Inference -- Maximum Entropy techniques. The method is applicable to energy values sampled at a discrete set of temperatures from Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations. The internal energy and the specific heat of the system are easily obtained as are errorbars on these quantities. The entropy and the free energy are also obtainable. No assumptions as to the specific functional form of the energy are made. The use of a priori information, such as a sum rule on the entropy, is built into the method. As a non-trivial example of the method, we obtain the specific heat of the three-dimensional Periodic Anderson Model.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

A note on a third order curvature invariant in static spacetimes

We consider here the third order curvature invariant $I=R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma;\delta}R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma;\delta}$ in static spacetimes ${\cal M}=R\times\Sigma$ for which $\Sigma$ is conformally flat. We evaluate explicitly the invariant for the $N$-dimensional Majumdar-Papapetrou multi black-holes solution, confirming that $I$ does indeed vanish on the event horizons of such black-holes. Our calculations show, however, that solely the vanishing of $I$ is not sufficient to locate an event horizon in non-spherically symmetric spacetimes. We discuss also some tidal effects associated to the invariant $I$.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Extra material available at http://vigo.ime.unicamp.br/in

How captions help people learn languages: A working-memory, eye-tracking study

Captions provide a useful aid to language learners for comprehending videos and learning new vocabulary, aligning with theories of multimedia learning. Multimedia learning predicts that a learner’s working memory (WM) influences the usefulness of captions. In this study, we present two eye-tracking experiments investigating the role of WM in captioned video viewing behavior and comprehension. In Experiment 1, Spanish-as-a-foreign-language learners differed in caption use according to their level of comprehension and to a lesser extent, their WM capacities. WM did not impact comprehension. In Experiment 2, English-as-a-second-language learners differed in comprehension according to their WM capacities. Those with high comprehension and high WM used captions less on a second viewing. These findings highlight the effects of potential individual differences and have implications for the integration of multimedia with captions in instructed language learning. We discuss how captions may help neutralize some of working memory’s limiting effects on learning